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biological integrity
Biological integrity is associated with how “pristine” an environment is and its function relative to the potential or original state of an ecosystem before human alterations were imposed. Biological integrity is built on the assumption that a decline in the values of an ecosystem's functions are primarily caused by human activity or alterations. The more an environment and its original processes are altered, the less biological integrity it holds for the community as a whole. If these processes were to change over time naturally, without human influence, the integrity of the ecosystem would remain intact. The integrity of the ecosystem relies heavily on the processes that occur within it because those determine what organisms can inhabit an area and the complexities of their interactions.
==History==
The concept of biological integrity first appeared in the 1972 amendments to the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act, also known as the Clean Water Act.〔"The objective of this chapter is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters." Clean Water Act, section 101(a), .〕 The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had used the term as a way to gauge the standards to which water should be maintained, but the vocabulary instigated years of debate about the implications of not only the meaning of biological integrity, but also how it can be measured. The first conference about the term occurred in March 1975 called "The Integrity of Water"〔Ballentine, R.K. and L.J. Guarraia (editors)(1977). (''The Integrity of Water.'' ) Proceedings of a Symposium, March 10–12, 1975, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA Publication No. 832-R-75-103.〕 and provided the first accepted definition of biological integrity (see below). In 1981, EPA assembled a field of experts from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, academia, and its own staff to further refine the definition and identify key indicators to quantitatively measure biological integrity. The conference not only identified a definition, but also methods to evaluate the community, and they established that multiple sites should be used to determine the condition of the environment〔Hughes, R.M., J.H. Gakstatter, M.A. Shirazi.and J.M. Omernik (1982). ("An approach for determining biological integrity in flowing waters." ) Pages 877-888 in T.B. Brown (editor), ''In Place Resource Inventories: Principles and Practices, A National Workshop.'' Paper presented at the workshop August 9–14, 1981. (Society of American Foresters ), Bethesda, MD.〕
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